Contents

1. Semiconductor Diodes

1. Introduction

2. Semiconductors

3. Crystal Structure of Semiconductor    

4. Formation of P-N Junction

5. Rectifier Diode

5.1 Operating Principle of a Diode 

5.2 Characteristics of a Diode

6. Zener Diode

6.1 Circuit Symbol and Construction

6.2 Operating Principle

6.3 Characteristics of Zener Diode 

7. Light Emitting Diode (LED)

7.1 Circuit Symbol and Construction

7.2 Operating Principle

7.3 Characteristics of LED

8. Photodiode

8.1 Circuit Symbol and Construction

8.2 Operating Principle of Photodiode

8.3 Characteristics of Photodiode

2. Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)

1. Introduction

2. Symbol and Construction of Bipolar Junction Transistor  

3. The Working of a Transistor

4. Relation between Alpha and Beta

5. Transistor Amplifier Configurations

6. Input – Output Characteristics of CE Configuration

7. Operating Regions of Transistor

8. Biasing Concept for Transistor Operation

3. Oscillators

1. Introduction

2. The Concept of Feedback

3. General Theory of Feedback

4. Basic Principle of Oscillator

5. Types of Oscillators

6. Low Frequency Wein Bridge Oscillator

6.1 High Frequency Crystal Oscillator

7. Applications of Oscillators

4. Data Converters

1. Introduction

2. Digital to Analog Converters

2.1 Parameters of DAC

3. Weighted Resistive Ladder Network

4. R-2R Ladder

5. A/D Converter

5.1 Parameters of A/D Converter

6. Flash Analog to Digital Converter

5. Introduction to Instrumentation System

1. Introduction

2. Instrumentation System

2.1 Measurement System

2.2 Control System

3. Sensors, Transducers and Actuators

4. Classification of Sensors, Active and Passive Sensors

4.1 Classification Based on the Measurand

4.2 Classification Based upon the Principle of Transduction

4.3 Active and Passive Sensor

4.4 Characteristics of Transducers

5. Selection Criteria for Sensors

6. Temperature Sensor

6.1 Definition and Types

6.2 Thermistors

6.3 LM-35(Prefix LM stands for Linear Monolithic)

7. Passive Infrared Sensor (PIR)

8. Actuators

8.1 Motors

8.2 Stepper Motor

6. OPAMP as Signal Conditioner

1. Introduction

2. Circuit Symbol

3. Block Diagram

4. OPAMP Characteristics

4.1 Ideal Characteristics of OPAMP 

5. Concept of Virtual Ground

6. Operational Feedback

7. OPAMP IC 741/ LM324

8. Inverting Amplifier

9. Non-Inverting Amplifier

10. Unity Gain Follower