Plant Development

Contents

1. Plant as a living System

1. Introduction

2. Plant as a Living System

3. Principles and Unique Features of Plant Development

3.1 Principles of Plant Development

3.2 Unique Features of Plant Development

4. Comparison of Plant Development and Animal Development

2. Plant Development

1. Introduction

2. Plant Development at Cellular Level

2.1 Quiescent Centre (Q.C.)

3. Plant Development at Organ Level

4. Plant Development at Whole Plant Level

4.1 Key Steps

4.2 Whole Plant as an Interacting Dynamic System

3. Major Phases of Plant Development

1. Introduction

2. Zygote to Seed Embryo to Seedling till Vegetative Maturity

2.1 Steps in Plant Development

2.2 Apical Meristems and Development

2.3 Process of Vegetative Development

3. Pattern Formation in Plants – Vegetative

3.1 Axial and Radial Patterning

4. Reproductive Development

1. Introduction

2. Shift (Transition) from Vegetative to Reproductive Phase

2.1 Clonal Analysis Experiment in Maize

2.2 Factors Affecting Reproductive Success in Plants

2.3 Regulation of the Vegetative-to-reproductive Transition

3. Induction – Perception of Inductive Stimuli and Subsequent Changes

3.1 Photoperiodic Induction for Flowering

3.2 Photoperiodic Stimulus and Presence of a Floral Hormone

3.3 Flowering Stimulus – Florigen

3.4 Flowering Stimulus – Vernalization

3.5 Role of Carbohydrates in Flowering

3.6 Phytohormones

3.7 Genetic Interactions that Control the Floral Transition

4. Pattern Formation in Plants – Flowering

4.1 ABC Model of Flowering

4.2 Flower Symmetry

5. Microsporogenesis and Megasporogenesis

1. Introduction

2. Microsporogenesis

2.1 Development of Microsporangium Male Gametophyte

2.2 Male Gametophyte (Microgametophyte)

2.3 Pollination

2.4 Pollen Tube

3. Megasporogenesis

3.1 Monosporic Megasporogenesis

3.2 Bisporic Megasporogenesis

3.3 Tetrasporic Megasporogenesis (Fritillaria Type)

3.4 Structure of Ovule

3.5 Megagametogenesis (Producing the Female Gametophyte)

3.6 Fertilization

3.7 Development of Endosperm

3.8 Embryo Development

6. Concepts

1. Introduction

2. Concept of Competence

3. Determination

3.1 Example of Determination in Plants

3.2 Mechanisms of Cellular Determination

4. Commitment of Cell

5. Differentiation

6. De-differentiation

7. Re-differentiation

7. Model Systems to Understand Plant Development

1. Introduction

2. Model Organisms

3. Model system of Arabidopsis

4. Molecular Regulation of Development in Arabidopsis

4.1 Molecular Development of Flower in Arabidopsis

4.2 ABC Model

4.3 Regulation of Arabidopsis

8. Parthenogenesis

1. Introduction

2. Types of Parthenocarpy: Natural and Induced

3. Importance of Seed and Seed Dispersal

4. Applications of Plant Development in Biotechnology