Contents

1. Mendelian Inheritance Patterns and Laws of Heredity

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Mendel’s experiments

1.3 Mendel’s laws of inheritance

1.4 Symbols and terminology

2. Codominance, Linkage and Linkage Maps

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Codominance

2.3 Linkage

2.4 Linkage maps

3. DNA Mutations, Variations and Chromosomal Alterations

3.1 Introduction

3.2 DNA damage or mutation an overview

3.3 Chromosomal aberrations/variations/alterations

4. Varieties of Gene Expressions

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Multiple alleles

4.3 Lethal alleles

4.4 Pleiotropic genes/pleiotropism

4.5 Gene interactions

5. DNA/Gene Transfer Mechanisms and Mobile Genetic Elements–Transposons

5.1 Introduction

5.2 DNA transfer mechanisms in prokaryotes, eukaryotes and viruses

5.3 Mobile genetic elements–transposons

6. Bacterial Plasmids

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Structure of bacterial plasmids

6.3 Properties of plasmids

6.4 Plasmid classification

7. Operon Concept: Structure and Properties

7.1 Introduction

7.2 The basic concept of an operon

7.3 The iac operon

7.4 The mechanism of lac operon

7.5 The regulation of lac operon

7.6 The trp operon

7.7 The ara operon

8. Overview of Immune Response

8.1 Introduction

8.2 History of immunology

8.3 The immune response or immunity

9. Structure and Properties of Antigen and Antibodies

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Antigens–its properties

9.3 Antibodies–its structure and properties

10. Antigen–Antibody Interactions

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Strength of ag–ab interactions

10.3 Cross–reactivity

10.4 Precipitation reactions

10.5 Agglutination reactions

10.6 Radioimmunoassay (RIA)

10.7 Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay [ELIA]

10.8 Complement fixation test (CFT)

10.9 Immuno electronmicroscopic test

10.10 Immuno chromatographic test

10.11 Western blotting

10.12 Immunoprecipitation

10.13 Imunofluorescence

10.14 Flow cytometry and fluorescence

11. Vaccines

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Active and passive immunization

11.3 Types of vaccines

11.4 Recombinant vector vaccines

11.5 DNA vaccines

11.6 Multivalent subunit vaccines