Contents

1. Measurements

1. Introduction

2. Methods of Measurement

2.1 Direct Methods

2.2 Indirect Methods

3. Units for Measurement

3.1 Systems of Units

3.2 The International System (SI) Systems of Units

3.3 Interconversion of Units

4. Standards

4.1 Length

4.2 Mass

4.3 Time

4.4 Amount of Substance

4.5 Luminous Intensity

5. Order of Magnitude

2. Fluid Mechanics

1. Introduction

2. Density and Pressure

2.1 Density

2.2 Pressure

3. Fluids at Rest

4. Measurement of Pressure

4.1 The Mercury Barometer

4.2 The Open-Tube Manometer

5. Units of Pressure

6. Flow of Liquid

6.1 Streamline and Turbulent Flow

6.2 Tube of Flow

7. Equation of Continuity

8. Viscosity

8.1 Velocity Gradient

8.2 Newton’s Law of Viscosity

9. Viscosity Estimation by Oswald’s viscometer

10. Relevance of Viscosity to Life Sciences

3. Surface Tension

1. Surface Tension

2. Surface Tension Expressed as Surface Energy

3. Cohesive and adhesive forces

4. Capillary Action

4.1 Some Practical Examples of Capillary Action

4.2 Pressure Difference between the Two Sides of a Curved Liquid Surface

5. Angle of Contact

6. Methods of Measurement of Surface Tension

6.1 Rise of a Liquid in the Capillary Tube

6.2 Soap Bubble Method

6.3 Jaeger’s Method

6.4 Quincke’s Method

7. Relation between Surface Tension, Excess Pressure and Curvature

8. Wettability

9. Factors Affecting Surface Tension

10. Applications of Surface Tension

11. Relevance to life sciences

4. Waves and Oscillations

1. Wave

2. Oscillation

3. Types of waves

3.1 Longitudinal Waves

3.2 Transverse Waves

3.3 Some Definitions

4. Reflection of Waves

5. Principle of Superposition

6. Standing and Travelling Wave

7. Sound Wave as Pressure Wave

8. Audible, Ultrasonic and Infrasonic Waves

9. Characteristics of Sound

10. Beats in Sound Waves

11. The Doppler Effect

5. Geometrical Optics

1. Introduction

2. Reflection and Refraction

2.1 Reflection of Light

2.2 Reflection of Light

2.3 Refraction of Light

3. Lenses

3.1 Types of Lenses

4. Basic of Lenses

4.1 Focal Points of Thin Lenses

4.2 Focal Length of Lens

4.3 Radius of Curvature

4.4 f-number and Numerical Aperture of a Lens

4.5 Optical Power

4.6 Diopter

5. Lens Maker Formula

5.1 Equations for Thin Lens Calculations

5.2 Sign Convention for Thin Lens Formulas

6. Microscope

6.1 Simple Microscope

6.2 Compound Microscope

7. Aberration

7.1 Monochromatic aberrations

7.2 Chromatic aberrations

8. Mirrors

8.1 Images Formed with Plane Mirrors

8.2 Images Formed with Spherical Mirrors