Contents

1. Introduction to Enzymes

Introduction

2. Properties of Enzymes

3. Protein Nature of Enzymes

4. Metalloenzymes and Metal-Activated Enzymes

2. Enzyme Catalysis

Introduction

1.  Specificity of Enzyme Action

3. Hypothesis Regarding Enzyme – Substrate Interaction

3.1 Fischer ‘Lock and Key’ Hypothesis

3.2 Koshland ‘Induced Fit’ Hypothesis

4. Transition State Stabilization  (Haldane and Pauling)

5. Classification of Enzymes

6. Mechanism of Enzyme Catalysis

6.1 Covalent Catalysis

6.2 Acid-Base Catalysis

6.3 Metal Ion Catalysis

6. Mechanism of Action of Serine Proteases

4. Mechanism of Chymotrypsin Action: “Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution” and “Hydroxylation”

3. Enzyme Kinetics

1. Kinetics of Single Substrate Enzyme Catalysed Reaction

2. Factors Affecting an Enzyme Reaction

4. Enzyme Regulation

1. Introduction

2. Regulatory Molecules

2.1 Enzyme Inhibition

2.2 Reversible Inhibition

2.3 Allosteric Inhibition

2.4 Irreversible Inhibition

3. Multienzyme Complexes and Isoenzyme

3.1 Multienzyme Complex

3.2 Isoenzymes

4. Organization of Enzymes in Cell

5. Mechanism of Enzyme Degradation

5. Immobilization of Enzymes

1. Introduction

2. Carrier Matrices and its Properties

3. Methods of Enzyme Immobilization

3.1 Adsorption

3.2 Covalent coupling

3.3 Entrapment and Microencapsulation

3.4 Cross Linking

3.5 Carrier- free Immobilized Enzymes

4. Whole Enzyme/Cells Immobilization

5. Applications of Immobilized Enzymes

6. Industrial and Clinical Applications of Enzymes

1. Industrial Enzymes

1.1 Thermophilic Enzymes

1.2 Amylases

1.3 Lipases

1.4 Proteolytic Enzymes in Meat and Leather Industry

1.5 Cellulose Degrading Enzymes

1.6 Metals Degrading Enzymes

2. Clinical Enzymes

2.1 Enzymes as Thrombolytic Agent

2.2 Anti-inflammatory Agents

2.3 Streptokinase

2.4 Asparaginase

2.5 Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)

2.6 Transaminases (Aspartate Transaminase AST)

2.7 Amylases

2.8 Phosphatases

2.9 Cholineesterases

3. Biosensors

3.1 Components of Enzyme Biosensor: (Glucose Oxidase Enzyme)