Contents 

1. Understanding Environment and Ecology

1. Introduction to Environment Science and Ecology

2. Environmental Components

2.1 Atmosphere

2.2 Ozone Layer

2.3 Hydrosphere

2.4 Lithosphere

2.5 Biosphere

3. Ecology and its Concepts

3.1 Biogeography

3.2 Ecosystem and Community

3.3 Ecosystem Evolution

4. Energy Flow

4.1 Second Law of Thermodynamics

4.2 Food Chain

4.3 Trophic Levels

4.4 Energy Budget

4.5 Nutrient Cycles

5. Factors Affecting Ecosystem

5.1 Natural factors

5.2 Inter and Intracommunity Factors

5.3 Anthropogenic Factors

2. Threats to Ecosystem/Environment

1. Pollution     

1.1 Air Pollution

1.2 Water Pollution

1.3 Soil Pollution

1.4 Pollutants in Ecosystems

2. Environmental Priorities in India

2.1 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

2.2 Red Data Book

2.3 TRAFFIC

3. Microbial Biodegradation

3.1 Microbial Biodegradation of Plastic

3.2 Microbial Biodegradation of Hydrocarbons

3.3 Microbial Biodegradation of Pesticides/Insecticides and Herbicides

3.4 Microbial Biodegradation of Hazardous Wastes

3. Biotechnology in Protection and Restoration of Ecosystem

1. Protection

1.1 Social Awareness

1.2 Major Protection Acts

2. Bioremediation

2.1 Importance of Bioremediation

2.2 Use of Micro-Organisms

2.3 Microbes in Bioremediation

2.4 Phytoremediation

2.5 Bioindicators and Detectors

3. Modern Conservation Practices

3.1 Biotechnology in Conservation

3.2 Ex Situ and In Situ Conservation Practices

3.3 In Vitro Propagation of Rare and Threatened Species

3.4 Conservation of Genetic Resources

4. Waste and Disaster Management

4.1 Waste Water Treatment-Biological

4.2 Biomedical Waste Management

4.3 Integrated Waste Management

4.4 Hazards in Environment

4.5 Remote sensing and GIS