Contents:

Contents

1. Introduction to Electronics

1.1 Concept of Electronics

1.2 Application of Electronics

Communication and Entertainment

Defence Applications

Industrial Application

Medical Sciences

Instrumentation and Control Applications

1.3 Electronic Components

Classification of Electronic Components

1.4 Resistors

Classification of Resistor

Specification of Resistor

Resistor Colour Coding

1.5 Capacitors

Concept of Capacitor

Construction of Capacitor

Property of Capacitor

Classification of Capacitor

Application of Capacitor

Symbols of Capacitor

1.6 Inductors

Functions of Inductor

Application of Inductor

Classification of Inductors

1.7 Transformers

Concept of Transformer

Types of Power Transformer

Application of Transformer

2. Semiconductor Theory

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Structure of an Atom

Nucleus

Atoms are Electrically Neutral

Ionization

Electron Orbits or Shell

Valence Shell or Valence Electron

Energy Level of Electrons Shell

2.3 Unit of Energy Electron Volt (eV)

Structure of Silicon and Germanium Atoms

2.4 Energy Level Diagram

2.5 Energy Band Diagram

2.6 Classification of Materials Based on Band Theory

Conductors

Insulators

Semiconductors

2.7 Effect of Temperature on Conductivity of Semiconductors

2.8 Properties of Semiconductors

2.9 Types of Semiconductors

Intrinsic Semiconductors

Extrinsic Semiconductors

Doping

Comparison of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductors

2.10 Types of Extrinsic Semiconductors

N-Type Semiconductors

Conduction in N-Type Material

P-Type Semiconductors

Conduction in P-Type Semiconductors

3. Semiconductor Diode

3.1 Diode

P-N Junction

Formation of P-N Junction

Formation of Depletion Layer

Barrier Potential or Junction Potential

External Biasing of P-N Junction

Experimental Set up for V-I Characteristics of a P-N Junction Diode

Comparison of Si and Ge Diode

Important Definitions

3.2 Types of Diode

Zener Diode

Light Emitting Diode (LED)

Photodiode

Point Contact Diode

Varactor Diode

Schottky Diode

3.3 Testing of Diode Using Analog Multimeter

Analog Multimeter for Diode Testing

Troubleshooting Diodes

3.4 Comparison of Diode

4. Rectifiers, Filters and Regulators

4.1 Introduction

General Block Diagram of Regulated Power Supply

4.2 Rectifier

General Block Diagram of a Rectifier Circuits

Need of Rectification

Types of Rectifiers

Comparison of Rectifiers

4.3 Filter

Need of Filters

Types of Filters

Comparison of Filters

4.4 Regulator

Need of Regulators

Types of Voltage Regulators

Zener Diode Shunt Regulator

4.5 Specifications of a Power Supply

Load Regulation

Line Regulation

5. Bipolar Junction Transistors

5.1 Introduction

Transistor

Types of Transistors

Operation of N-P-N Transistor

5.2 States in Transistor

Active State of Transistor (Active Region)

Cutoff State (Cutoff Region)

Saturation State (Saturation Region)

5.3 Transistor Configurations

Common Base Configuration (CB)

Common Emitter Configuration (CE)

Common Collector Configuration (CC)

5.4 Analysis of Common Emitter Configuration

Circuit Diagram of CE Configuration

Input Characteristics for CE Configuration

Output Characteristics for CE Configuration

5.5 a and b Transistors

Relationship between a and b

5.6 Transistor Biasing

DC Load Line

Operating Point

Types of Biasing

5.7 Transistor as an Amplifier

Graphical Representation

Current Gain (A1)

Voltage Gain (AV)

Power Gain (AP)

5.8 Single Stage CE Amplifier

Frequency Response and Bandwidth

Need of Cascade Amplifier

5.9 Types of Coupling

Comparison of Different Types of Couplings

5.10 Transistor as a Switch

6. Field Effect Transistor

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Classification of Field Effect Transistors

6.3 N-channel JFET

Construction of N-channel JFET

Working of N-channel JFET

Drain Characteristic of JFET

Transfer Characteristics

Circuit for Obtaining Drain Characteristics of N-channel JFET

6.4 P-channel JFET

Drain Characteristic of the P-channel JFET

Transfer Characteristics of the P-channel JFET

6.5 Comparison between JFET and BJT

6.6 JFET Parameters

6.7 Application of JFET

6.8 MOSFET

6.9 N-channel Depletion type MOSFET

Basic Construction

Basic Operation and Characteristics

Drain and Transfer Characteristics

6.10 P-channel Depletion type MOSFET

Basic Construction

Drain and Transfer Characteristics

6.11 N-channel Enhancement-type MOSFET

Basic Construction

Basic Operation

Drain and Transfer Characteristics

6.12 P-channel Enhancement-type MOSFET

Basic Construction

Drain and Transfer Characteristics

6.13 Applications of MOSFETs

6.14 Comparisons

JFET and MOSFET

D-MOSFET and E-MOSFET

N-Channel JFET and P-channel JFET

N-Channel MOSFET and P-Channel MOSFET JFET

7. Integrated Circuits

7.1 Introduction

Advantages of Integrated Circuits Over Discrete Circuits

Disadvantages

Scale of Integration

7.2 Classification of Integrated Circuits

Classification based on Active Devices

Classification based on Applications

Classification based on Fabrication Technology

7.3 Comparisons

Comparison between Linear and Non Linear ICs

Comparison between Monolithic Thick-Thin Film and Hybrid ICs