Contents

1. Basics of Measurements

1. Introduction

2. Classification of Instruments

2.1 Absolute Instrument

2.2 Secondary Instrument

3. Characteristics of Instrument

3.1 Definition of Static Characteristics of Instruments

3.2 Definition of Dynamic Characteristics of Instruments

4. Types of Error

4.1 Gross Error

4.2 Systematic Error

4.3 Random Error

5. Units of Measurement Fundamental Quantity

5.1 Types of Unit

5.2 Dimensions

6. Definition of Standards and their Classification

7. Definition of Calibration

7.1 Grounding

7.2 Shielding

7.3 Isolation

2. Analog DC and AC Meters

1. Introduction

2. Classification of Analog Ammeter and Voltmeter

3. Definition of Average and RMS Value

4. PMMC Instrument

4.1 Construction of PMMC Instruments

4.2  Analog DC Ammeters and Voltmeters

Solved Examples

4.3 Analog AC Ammeter and Voltmeter  (Rectifier type)

5. Analog Multimeter

6. How to use Basic Meter?

3. Digital Meters

1. Introduction

2. Concepts of ADC and DAC

2.1 ADC (Analog to Digital Converter)

2.2 DAC (Digital to Analog Converter)

3. Specifications of Digital Meter

4. Digital Frequency Meter

4.1 Basic Block Diagram of Digital Frequency Meter

4.2 Frequency Measurement

5. Digital Voltmeter

5.1 Types of Digital Voltmeter

6. Digital Multimeter

7. LCR Meter

7.1 Digital LCR Q Meter

7.2 Q Meter

8. Phase Sensitive Detector (Phase Meter)

8.1 Digital Phase Meter

4. Oscilloscope

1. Introduction

2. Basic Block Diagram of CRO

2.1 Cathode Ray Tube

2.2 Vertical Deflection System

2.3 Horizontal Deflection Subsystem

2.4 CRO Probes

2.5 Calibration Circuit

3. CRO Single Beam Dual Trace

3.1 Dual Beam Dual Trace CRO

4. Storage Type CRO

5. Digital Storage Oscilloscope

6. Applications of CRO

7. Front Panel Controls of Dual Trace CRO

8. Specifications of CRO

5. Signal Generator and Wave Analyzer

1. Introduction

2. Role of Oscillator in Block Diagram of Signal Generator

3. Signal Generator

3.1 Sine Wave Generator

3.2 Modern Laboratory Type Signal Generator

4. Function Generator and Pulse Generator

4.1 Function Generator

4.2 Square Wave Generator

4.3 Pulse Generator

5. Specifications

5.1 Function Generator

5.2 Pulse Generator

5.3 Video Pattern Generator

6. Concept of Time Domain and Frequency Domain Instruments

7. Spectrum Analyzer and Logic Analyzer

7.1 Spectrum Analyzer

7.2 Logic Analyzer

7.3 Frequency Selective Wave Analyzer

7.4 Distortion Meter