Contents

1. Hi – Fi Audio Amplifier

1. Introduction

2. Audio Systems

2.1 Nature of Sound

2.2 Decibel dB

2.3 Intervals, Octaves and Harmonics

2.4 Microphones (Mic or Mike)

3. Audio Amplifiers

3.1 Voltage Amplifiers (Multistage)

3.2 Driver Stage

3.3 Output Power Amplifier

3.4 Difference between Power Amplifier and Voltage Amplifier

3.5 Noise and Distortion in Audio Amplifiers

4. Monophonic Audio Amplifier

5. Stereophonic Audio Amplifier

5.1 Stereo-effect

5.2 Stereo-phonic Amplifier

6. Hi-fi Audio Amplifier

6.1 Ideal Characteristics

6.2 Block Diagram of Hi-fi Audio Amplifier

7. Hi-fi Stereo Audio Amplifier

8. Difference between Hi-Fi, Stereo and Monophonic Amplifier

9. Controls in Hi-fi Amplifier and Hi-fi Stereo Amplifier

9.1  Controls in Hi-fi Amplifier

9.2 Controls in Stereo Amplifier or Hi-fi Stereo Amplifier

10. Facilities on Hi-fi Amplifier

11. Public Address System

11.1 Basic Requirements of PA System

11.2 Block Diagram of PA System

12. Noise Reduction in Dolby System

12.1 Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis

12.2 Dolby Noise Reduction (NR) System

12.3 Types of Dolby System

13. Loudspeakers

13.1 Multiway Speaker System

13.2 Difference in Woofer, Squawker and Tweeter

14. Cross-over Networks

14.1 Necessity of Cross-over Networks

14.2 Types of Crossover Network

14.3 Designing Consideration of Crossover Networks

2. CD Player

1. Introduction   2

2. Optical Recording    3

3. Compact Disc   4

3.1 Optical Recording on Disc 4

3.2 Preparation of Compact Disc     5

4. Pick-up System for CD      8

5. Playback Process on CD Detection Process     10

6. Compact Disc Player (CD Player)  11

7. Components used in CD Player     15

8. Front Panel Control  19

9. Remote Control 19

9.1 Function of Remote Control Transmitter and Receiver Unit used in CD Player

9.2 Control Functions of CD Player Remote Transmitter

10. Vacuum Fluorescent Display

11. Digital Video Disc or Digital Versatile Disc

11.1 DVD Recording and Playback

11.2 Comparison of VCD and DVD

11.3 DVD Player

12. Blu Ray Disc

12.1 Comparison of DVD and Blu Ray Disc

12.2 Blu Ray Disc Player

3. T.V. Fundamentals 

1. Introduction

2. Basic of T.V. System

2.1 The Basics of Picture

2.2 Scanning

2.3 Progressive Scanning

2.4 Human Eye Characteristics

2.5 Number of Scanning Lines

2.6 Flicker

2.7 Interlaced Scanning

2.8 Scanning Frequency and Time Periods

2.9 Interlaced Scanning Sequence

2.10 Picture Resolution

2.11 Bandwidth of Video Signal

2.12 Bandwidth of Colour Signal

2.13 Vestigial Sideband Transmission for T.V. System

2.14 Tonal Gradation and Colour Characteristics

2.15 Compatibility

3. Colour Theory

3.1 Mixing of Colours

3.2 Grassman’s Law

3.3 Comparison of Additive and Subtractive Mixing

4. Composite Video Signal for T.V. System

4.1 Composite Video Signal Dimensions

4.2 Horizontal and Vertical Blanking

4.3 Horizontal Sync Details

4.4 Vertical Sync Pulse Details

4.5 Equalizing Pulses

5. Colour Signal Transmission and Reception

5.1 Colour T.V. Camera

5.2 Luminance Signal ‘Y’

5.3 Production of Colour Difference Signal

5.4 Compatibility Consideration

5.5 Colour Signal Transmission

5.6 Modulation of Colour Difference Signal or Quadrature Modulation

5.7 Weighting Factors or Weighted Colours

5.8 CCIRB Standards

5.9 T.V. Channel Allocation for Band I and Band III

4. T.V. Transmitter and Receiver 

1. Audio Video Transmission

1.1 Types of Amplitude Modulation

2. Television Camera Tube

2.1 Requirements of a Camera Tube

2.2 General Characteristics of Camera Tube

2.3 Types of Camera Tubes

3. Colour Picture Tube

4. Colour T.V. Transmitter

4.1 Comparison of NTSC, PAL and SECAM

4.2 Similarities between PAL System and NTSC System

4.3 Salient Features of PAL

4.4 PAL-D Transmitter

4.5 Cancellation of Phase Errors in PAL System

4.6 Colour T.V. Receiver

5. Colour TV

1. Introduction

2. PAL D Decoder

3. Different Sections of PAL-D Decoder

3.1 Yagi Uda Antenna

3.2 Antennas for VHF Higher Channels

3.3 Fringe Area Antenna

3.4 Log Periodic Antenna

3.5 Chroma Signal Amplifier

3.6 Chroma Bandpass Amplifier

3.7 ACC Amplifier

3.8 Saturation (Colour) Control in Chroma Bandpasss Amplifier

3.9 Colour Killer Circuit

3.10 Separation of U and V signals

3.11 Circuit Diagram Description of U and V Separator

3.12 U and V Demodulators (Synchronous Demodulators)

3.13 Colour Signal Matrixing

3.14 RGB Drive for Cathode

3.15 Colour Signal Matrixing Circuit and Drive Amplifier

3.16 EHT Generation

3.17 Line Output Circuit for Generation of Different Supply Voltages for Colour Picture Tube

3.18 Line Output Stage Using IC

4. HDTV

4.1 Digital Television

4.2 High Definition Television (HDTV)

4.3 The NHK MUSE System for HDTV

5. LED/LCD TV Technology

5.1 Liquid Crystal

5.2 Liquid Crystal Types

5.3 Principle of Liquid Crystal Display

5.4 Creating an LCD

5.5 Procedure for Creating a Basic LCD

5.6 Working of LCD

5.7 LED TV

5.8 Advantages of LCD

6. Cable Television

1. Introduction

2. Dish Antenna

2.1 Construction

3. Low Noise Block Convertor (LNBC)

4. Multiplexer or Combining Network

4.1 Basic Types of Multiplexing

4.2 Types of Multiplexing in Cable TV System

5. Attenuators

6. Connectors

6.1 Types of Connectors in Cable TV System

7. Amplifiers

7.1 Types of Amplifier

8. Cables

8.1 Classification of Cables in Cable TV System

8.2 Classification of Cables (General)

9. Closed Circuit Television (CCTV)

9.1 Different Configurations of CCTV

9.2 CCTV Applications

10. Master Antenna Television System (MATV)

11. Community Antenna Television (CATV)

11.1 Cable Signal Processing

11.2 Cable Signal Distribution

11.3 Bidirectional Cable System

11.4 Pay TV through Cables

11.5 Comparison of CATV and CCTV

12. Satellite TV for Broadcast

13. dB Meter or Decibel Meter

14. Direct to Home Television Satellite

14.1 Transponder for DTH

14.2 DTH Receiver