Contents

1. ASCHELMINTHES

1. Introduction

2. Salient Features

3. Classification

4. Economic Importance of Class Nematoda

2. ANNELIDA

1. Introduction

2. Salient Features

3. Classification

4. Economic Importance of Annelids

3. ARTHROPODA

1. Introduction to Phylum : Arthropoda

2. Salient Features

3. Classification

4. Mouth Parts in Insects

4. PHYLUM MOLLUSCA

1. Introduction to Phylum Mollusca

2. Salient Features of Phylum Mollusca

3. Classification of Phylum Mollusca with Specific Classes and Mentioned Examples (names only)

4. Economic Importance of Mollusca

5. Study of Phylum ECHINODERMATA

1. Introduction   2

2. Salient Features     2

3. General Classification     3

4. Classification of Phylum Echinodermata with Specific Classes and Mentioned Examples    10

5. Asterias-Type Study  33

5.1 History and Habit, Habitat      33

5.2 External Features of Asterias   34

5.3 Body Wall of Asterias     38

5.4 Endoskeleton of Asterias  39

5.5 Muscles 39

5.6 Coelom in Asterias  40

5.7 Digestive System    41

5.8 Water Vascular System of Asterias     42

5.9 Locomotion of Asterias    44

5.10 Circulatory System 44

5.11 Respiratory System 45

5.12 Excretory System of Asterias   46

5.13 Nervous System and Sense Organs      46

5.14 Sense Organs 47

5.15 Reproductive System, Life History and Development      47

5.16 Regeneration and Autotomy of Asterias      49

6. Types of Pedicellariae in Echinoderms  49

6.1 Introduction  49

6.2 Functions of Pedicellaria 49

6.3 Distribution of Pedicellaria in Various Classes   49

6.4 Structure of Pedicellariae      50

6.5 Kinds of pedicellariae    50

6.6 Structure of Pedicellariae      52

6.7 Types of Pedicellariae in Sea Urchins 52

7. Economic Importance of Echinodermata   54