Contents

1. Introduction and Significance of Measurement

1. Types of Measurement

1.1 General Measurement System

1.2 Instruments

1.3 Classification of Instruments

1.4 Measurement Standards

1.5 Characteristics of Measurement

2. Static Term and Characteristics

2.1 Range and Span

2.2 Accuracy and Precision

2.3 Reliability

2.4 Calibration

2.5 Hysteresis

2.6 Backlash

2.7 Drift

2.8 Sensitivity

2.9 Threshold and Resolution

2.10 Repeatability and Reproducibility

2.11 Linearity

3. Dynamic Terms and Characteristics

3.1 Speed of Response and Measuring Lag

3.2 Fidelity and Dynamic Errors

3.3 Overshoot

3.4 Dead Time and Dead Zone

4. Errors in Measurement

4.1 Classification of Error

4.2 Gross or Human Errors

4.3 Systematic Errors

4.4 Random or Residual Error

5. Transducer

5.1 Types of Transducers

5.2 Classification of Transducers

6. Selection of Transducer

6.1 Working Principles of Transducers

Solved Problems

2. Displacement and Pressure Measurement

1. Displacement Measurement

1.1 Classification

2. Pressure Measurement

2.1 Terms Related to Pressure

2.2 Types of Pressure Measurement Devices

2.3 Classification of Pressure Measuring Instruments

2.4 Low Pressure (Vacuum) Measurements

2.5 High Pressure Measurement

3. Temperature Measurement

1. Temperature Scales

1.1 Classification

1.2 Absolute Zero Temperature

1.3 Classification of Temperature Measurement

2. Non-Electrical Methods

2.1 Bimetallic Thermometers

2.2 Liquid in Glass Thermometer

2.3 Pressure Thermometer

3. Electrical Methods

3.1 Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) or Platinum Resistance Thermometer

3.2 Thermistor

4. Thermoelectric Methods

4.1 Elements of Thermocouple

4.2 Laws of Thermocouples

4.3 Measurement of e.m.f. with Thermocouple

5. Pyrometers

5.1 Radiation Pyrometers

5.2 Optical Pyrometer

6. Measuring Devices and their Ranges

Solved Example

4. Flow Measurement

1. Flow

1.1 Types of Flow

1.2 Terms Related to Flow

1.3 Classification of Flow Transducer

2. Variable Head Flow Meters

2.1 Venturimeter

2.2 Orifice Plates

2.3 Flow Nozzle

3. Variable Area Flow Meter

3.1 Rotameter

4. Variable Velocity Meter

4.1 Anemometer

5. Special Type of Flow Meters

5.1 Electromagnetic Flow Meter

5.2 Turbine Meter

5.3 Hot Wire Anemometer

5.4 Ultrasonic Flow Meter

5.5 Vortex Shedding Flow Meter

6. Summary of Flow Meters

7. Summary of Flow Elements

Solved Example

5. Miscellaneous Measurement

1. Acoustics (Sound) Measurement

1.1 Characteristics of Sound

1.2 Measurements of Sound Using Microphones

1.3 Carbon Microphones

1.4 Electro Dynamic Microphones

1.5 Piezoelectric Crystal Microphone

2. Humidity

2.1 Measurement of Humidity by Instruments9

2.2 Hair Hygrometer

2.3 Humistor

2.4 Sling Psychrometer

2.5 Humidity Measurement- Psychrometric Chart

3. Liquid Level Measurement

3.1 Classification of Level Measurement Methods

3.2 Direct Method

3.3 Indirect Method

4. Force and Shaft Power Measurement

4.1 Classification of Dynamometers

4.2 Mechanical Type Tool Dynamometer

4.3 Eddy Current Dynamometer

4.4 Strain Gauge Transmission Dynamometer

5. Speed Measurement

5.1 Revolution Counter and Timer (Hand Speed Indicator)

5.2 Slipping Clutch Tachometer

5.3 Eddy Current or Drag Type Tachometer

5.4 Contactless Electrical Tachometers

5.5 Shaft Encoders

6. Strain Measurement

6.1 Stress-Strain Relation

6.2 Strain Gauge Materials

6.3 Types of Strain Gauges

6.4 Bonded Strain Gauges

6.5 Unbonded Strain Gauge

7. Strain Gauge Selection

7.1 Good Quality of Strain Gauge

7.2 Strain Gauge Installation

7.3 Strain Gauge Adhesive

7.4 Leads (Terminals)

Solved Problems

6. Control System

1. System Classification

2. Control System

3. Control System Classification

3.1 Open Loop / Unmonitored Control System

3.2 Closed Loop / Monitored Control System

3.3 Feed Forward Control System

3.4 Feedback Control System

3.5 Automatic Control System

3.6 Block Diagram of Automatic Control System

4. Servomotors

4.1 A.C. Servomotors

4.2 D.C. Servomotors

5. Control Actions

5.1 On-Off Controller or Two Position Control Action

5.2 Proportional Control Action

5.3 Integral Control Action

5.4 Derivative Control Action

5.5 PID Control Action

6. Pneumatic Control Systems

6.1 Pneumatic Nozzle Flapper

7. Hydraulic Control Systems

7.1 Hydraulic Power Steering Mechanism

8. Applications of Measurement and Control

8.1 Boiler

8.2 Air-conditioner

8.3 D.C. Motor Speed Control