Contents

1. Introduction to Digital Techniques

1. Introduction

2. Signals

2.1 Difference between Analog and Digital Signal

3. Electronic Circuit

3.1 Analog Circuit

3.2  Digital Circuit

4. Classification of Logic Families

4.1 Characteristics of Logic Gates

5. Comparison of Digital IC Logic Families

6. Number System

6.1 Decimal Number System

6.2 Binary Number System

6.3  Octal Number System

6.4 Hexadecimal Number System

7. 1’s and 2’s Complement Method

8. Binary Arithmetic

9. Codes

9.1 BCD Code

9.2 BCD Arithmetic

2. Logic Gates

1. Introduction

2. Important Terms of Logic Systems

3. Logic Gate

3.1 Basic Logic Gate

3.3 Exclusive OR or EX-OR or XOR gate

3.3 Exclusive NOR or EX-NOR or XNOR gate

3.4 Derived Gates

3.5 Universal Gate

4. Boolean Algebra

4.1 Basic Boolean Laws

5. De Morgan’s Theorems

6. Duality Theorem

7. Simplification and Construction of Boolean Expression using Boolean Algebra

3. Combinational Logic Circuits

1. Introduction

2. Standard Representations for Logical Functions (SOP AND POS)

2.1 Sum of Products (SOP)

2.2 Product of Sums (POS)

3. K-Map Representation and Minimization (for 2, 3 and 4 variables)

3.1 Two Variable K-map

3.2 Three Variable K-map

3.3 Four Variable K-Map

4. Concept of Adders / Subtractors

4.1 Adder

4.2 Subtractor

5. Multiplexers (Mux)

5.1 2:1 Multiplexer

5.2 4:1 Multiplexer

5.3 8:1 Multiplexer

5.4 Multiplexer Tree

5.5 Multiplexer ICs

6. Demultiplxer (Demux)

6.1 1:2 De-Multiplexer

6.2 1:4 De-multiplexer

6.3 1:8 De-multiplexer

6.4 1:16 De-Multiplexer

6.5 Demultiplexer Tree

6.6 Demultiplexer ICs

7. Encoder

7.1 Octal to Binary Encoder

7.2 Decimal to BCD Encoder

7.3 Priority Encoder

8. Decoder

8.1 Demultiplexer as Decoder

8.2 BCD to 7-Segment Decoder – (IC 7446 or IC 7447)

10. Digital Comparator

10.1 1- Bit Comparator

10.2 2-Bit Comparator

10.3 IC 7485 (4-Bit Comparator)

11. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

Solved Examples

4. Sequential Logic Circuit

1. Introduction

2. One-Bit Memory Cell (Flip-Flops)

3. Clock Signal

4. R-S Flip-Flop using NAND gates

5. Clocked S-R Flip-Flop using NAND Gates

5.1 Asynchronous Inputs Preset and Clear (Pr and Cr)

5.2 Clocked S-R Flip-Flop with Preset and  Clear

6. J-K Flip-Flop

6.1 J-K Flip-Flop with Preset and Clear

6.2 Race Around Condition

7. Triggering Methods

8. Master-Slave J-K Flip-Flop (M-S J-K Flip-Flop)

9. D and T flip-flops

9.1 D Flip-Flop (Delay Flip-Flop) 18

9.2 T Flip-flop (Toggle Flip-Flop)

10. Applications of Flip-Flop

11. Counter

12. Asynchronous Counter

12.1 2-Bit Asynchronous Up Counter

12.2 3-Bit Asynchronous Up Counter

12.3 4-Bit Asynchronous Up Counter

12.4 3-Bit Asynchronous Down Counter

12.5 4-Bit Asynchronous Down Counter

12.6 3-Bit Asynchronous Up/Down Counter

13. MOD-N Counter

13.1 Mod-5 Counter

13.2 Mod-9 Counter

13.3 Mod-12 Counter

14. Synchronous Counter

14.1 2-Bit Synchronous Up Counter

14.2 3-Bit Synchronous Up Counter

14.3 4-Bit Synchronous Up Counter

14.4 3-Bit Synchronous Down Counter

14.5 4-Bit Synchronous Down Counter

14.6 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter44

15. Shift Register

15.1 Types of Shift Registers

16. Applications

16.1 Applications of Counter

16.2 Applications of Shift Register

17. Ring Counter

17.1 Johnson Counter or Twisted Ring Counter

18. Comparisons

18.1 Comparison between Combinational and Sequential Logic Systems

18.2 Comparison between D Flip-Flop and T Flip-Flop

18.3 Comparison between Asynchronous and Synchronous Counter

Solved Examples

19. Memories

20. Memory Operation

21. Classification of Memories

21.1 Classification based on Principle of Operation

21.2 Classification based on Physical Characteristics

21.3 Classification based on Mode of Access

21.4 Classification based on Fabrication Technology

22. Read Only Memory (ROM)

23. Random Access Memory (RAM)

23.1 Static RAM (SRAM)

23.2 Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

24. Comparisons

24.1 Comparison between Volatile and Non-Volatile Memories

24.2 Comparison between RAM and ROM

24.3 Comparison between SRAM and DRAM

24.4 Comparison between EPROM and EEPROM

5. A-D and D-A Converters

1. Introduction

2. Digital to Analog Converters (DAC)

2.1 Weighted - Resistor D/A Converter

2.2 R - 2R Ladder D/A Converter

2.3 DAC Specifications

3. Analog to Digital Converters (ADC)

3.1 Staircase Ramp or Counter Type ADC

3.2 Single Slope Type ADC

3.3 Dual Slope Type ADC

3.4 Successive Approximation Type ADC

3.5 ADC Specifications