Contents 

1. Basics of C

1. History of ‘C’

1.1 Where ‘C’ Stands?  

1.2 Features of ‘C’    

1.3 Writing and Executing a ‘C’ Program  

1.4 Structure of a ‘C’ Program     

2. C character Set     

2.1 C tokens     

2.2 Constants    

2.3 Keywords     

2.4 Variables    

3. Operators     

3.1 Arithmetic Operators     

3.2 Relational Operators     

3.3 Logical Operators  

3.4 Increment and Decrement Operators    

3.5 Bitwise Operators  

3.6 Assignment Operator

3.7 Conditional Operator     

3.8 Other Operators    

4. Formatted Input – Output  

Solved Programs

2. Decision Making                                                           

1. Decision Making and Branching   

1.1 ‘if’ Statement     

1.2 ‘if . . . else’ Statement

1.3 The switch Statement     

1.4 Use of ‘break’ Statement 

2. Looping 

2.1 The ‘while’ Loop   

2.2 The ‘do-while’ Loop

2.3 The ‘for’ loop     

2.4 Nested Loops 

2.5 Using “break” in Loops   

2.6 Using continue     

2.7 Using goto   

Solved Programs

3. Arrays and Strings                                                  

1. Array Declaration   

1.1 One–Dimensional Arrays   

1.2 Two-Dimensional arrays   

2. Strings 

2.1 String Input/Output

2.2 Standard Library Functions     

2.3 Array of Strings   

Solved Programs

4. Functions and Structures  

1. What is a Function? 

2. Library and User Defined Functions    

2.1 Library Functions  

2.2 User Defined Functions   

3. How A Function Works?     

4. Defining A Function 

4.1 Function Declaration     

4.2 Function Definition

5. Function Types

5.1 No Argument, No Return Value   

5.2 No Argument with Return Value  

5.3 Arguments with Return Value    

6. METHODS OF PASSING PARAMETERS   

6.1 Call by Value

6.2 Call by Reference  

7. Recursion     

8. Scope of Variables  

9. Command Line Arguments    

9.1 What is Command Line?    

9.2 Declaration of main

10. Structures   

10.1 Declaring and Initializing Structure

10.2 Initializing a Structure Variable   

10.3 Accessing Structure Members   

10.4 Array of Structures     

Solved Programs

5. Pointers                                                      

1. The Basics of Pointers    

1.1 The Address Operator (&) 

1.2 What is a Pointer? 

1.3 Declaring a Pointer

1.4 Initializing Pointers    

2. Pointer Arithmetic  

2.1 Comparison of Two Pointers     

2.2 Operations on Pointers   

3. Precedence of & and * Operators 

4. Arrays and Pointers 

5. Array of Pointers   

6. Some Declarations and Their Meanings  

7. Strings and Pointers

Solved Programs