Contents

1.   Introduction to Biotechnology

1.   Introduction

1.1  History of Biotechnology

1.2  Types of Biotechnology

2.   Applications of Biotechnology

2.1  Environment

2.2  Agriculture and Crop Production

2.3  Industry

2.4  Medicines

2.   Introduction to Plant Biotechnology

1.   Importance of Plants in Ecosystems and Human Life

1.1  Plant's Role in Ecosystems

1.2  Plants Role in Human Life

1.3  Role of Plant Groups such as Algae, Fungi, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, and Gymnosperms

2.   Overview of Plant Reproduction and their Economic Importance with Example

2.1. Asexual Reproduction in Lower Plants

2.2. Sexual Reproduction

3.   Biotechnological Approach to Improve Crop Productivity

3.1  Insect Pest Resistance

4.   Transgenic Plants

4.1  Genetically Modified Crops (GM crops)

4.2  GM Food

4.3  Ethical and Social Aspects

4.4  Applications of Transgenic Plants

5.   Overview of Plant Tissue Culture and its Applications

5.1  Cellular Totipotency

5.2  Landmarks in Plant Tissue Culture

5.3  The General Technique

5.4  Applications of Plant Tissue Culture

6.   Plants as Source of Drugs, Nutraceuticals

6.1  Plants as Sources of Drugs

6.2  Nutraceuticals

3.   Introduction to Animal BIotechnology

1.   Introduction

2.   Introduction to Kingdom Animalia

2.1  Outline Classification and General Characters of Chordate, Non-chordates upto Phylum with Examples

2.2  Animal Models used to Understand Different Aspects of Animal Biotechnology

2.3  Transgenic Animals: Concept, Basic Method, Applications

2.4  Introduction to Animal Tissue Culture: Types of Different Cultures, Applications of Animal Tissue Culture

4.   Introduction to Microbiology

1.   History and Evolution of Microbiology

1.1  History

1.2  Abiogenesis vs. Biogenesis

1.3  Evolution

2.   Classification of Microorganisms

2.1  Major Groups of Microorganisms

2.2  Taxonomy of Bacteria

3.   Taxonomic Ranks and Unit of Classification

4.   Major Characteristics Used in Taxonomy

4.1   Morphological Characteristics

4.2  Physiological and Metabolic Characteristics

4.3  Ecological Characteristics

4.4  Chemical Composition or Chemotaxonomy

4.5  Serological Characteristics

4.6  Genetic Characteristics

5.   Numerical Taxonomy

6.   Salient Features of Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology

7.   Outline Classification of Bacteria

5.   Observation of Microorganisms

A.   Microbiology Analytical Instruments

1.   Microscope

1.1  Bright-Field Compound Microscope

1.2  Dark-Field Microscope

1.3  Phase Contrast Microscope

1.4  Interference Microscope (Stereomicroscope)

1.5  Fluorescence Microscope

1.6  Electron Microscope

1.7  Scanning Electron Microscope

2.   ph Meter

3.   Nephelometer

4.   Colourimeter

5.   Spectrophotometer

6.   Hot Air Oven

7.   Incubator

8.   Autoclave

9.   Inoculation Chamber

10.  Inoculation Needles

11.  Colony Counter

12.  Laminar Air Flow Hood

13.  Centrifuge

B.   Microbial Stains and Staining

14.  Classification of Dyes as Stains

15.  Classification of Stains

16.  Theories of Staining

16.1   Physical Theory

16.2     Chemical Theory

17.  Microbial Staining Techniques

17.1 Monochrome or Simple Staining

17.2 Differential Staining

17.3 Special Cytological Staining

 

6.   Scope of Biotechnology

1.   INTRODUCTION

2.   RESEARCH – BIOTECH INSTITUTES IN INDIA

3.   Biotechnology Industry

4.   Biotech Startup

5.   Incubation Centres for Biotech

6.   List of Some BioIncubators in India

7.   Biotech Success Stories