Contents

1. Proteins

1. Introduction

2. Amino Acids

3. Nature of Amino Acids

4. Structure of Amino Acids

5. Properties of Amino Acids

6. Peptide Bond

7. Primary Structure

7.1 Protein Sequencing

7.2 Secondary Structure

7.3 The Alpha Helix

7.4 Beta Pleated Sheet

7.5 Tertiary Structure

8. Forces Stabilizing Secondary Structure

9. Quaternary Structure

9.1 Hb as an Example of Quaternary Structure Haemoglobin

9.2 Antibody Structure as an Example of Quaternary Structure

10. Protein Denaturation and Renaturation

2. Vitamins

1. Introduction

2. Role of Cofactors in Enzyme Catalysis

3. Coenzymes

4. Classification of Vitamins

5. Water Soluble Vitamins (Vitamins with Coenzyme Function)

5.1 Thiamin (Vitamin B1) - Anti-Beriberi Vitamin

5.2 Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) Lactoflavin or Vitamin G

5.3 NIACIN (Nicotine Acid or Vitamin B3, Nicotinamide)

5.4 Vitamin B6 Group (Pyridoxine)

5.5 Lipoic Acid (Thioctic Acid)

5.6 Folic Acid (Pteroly Glutamic Acid, Vitamin M, Bg)

5.7 Vitamin B12 (Cobalamine), Antipernicious Anaemia Factor

5.8 Pantothenic Acid

3. Enzymes

1. Enzymes

1.1 Basic Concept

1.2 Types of Enzymes

2. Biocatalyst

2.1 Active Site

2.2 Reaction Rate

3. Enzyme Units

4. Transition State Hypothesis

5. Parameters Affecting Enzyme Activity

6. Allosteric Enzymes

7. Enzyme Inhibition

7.1 Irreversible Inhibition

7.2 Reversible Inhibition

8. Classification

9. Commission’s System of Classification of Enzymes

10. Six Main Classes of Enzymes

10.1 Oxidoreductase

10.2 Transferases

10.3 Hydrolases

10.4 Lyases

10.5 Isomerases

10.6 Ligases

4. Nucleic Acids

1. Nucleotides and Nucleosides

2. Purines and Pyrimidines

3. Nucleoproteins

4. The Ribonucleotide Units of RNAs, the 3' 5' Phosphodiester Bonds

5. DNA Sequence

6. Structure of Nucleic Acids

7. A Form of DNA

8. The B and Z Forms of DNA

9. Forces Stabilizing Nucleic Acid Structure