Contents

1. Overview

1. Introduction

2. What is Operating System?

3. Functions of Operating System

4. Characteristics of Operating System

5. Hardware Concept Related to OS

6. I/O Channels

7. Process in Operating System

8. Process Control Block (PCB)

9. Process States

10. Process Scheduling Queue

11. Process Schedulers

11.1 Context Switch

12. Process Management and Control in Unix

12.1 Parent and Child

12.2 Process Termination

13. Scheduling Algorithms

14. First Come First Serve Scheduling Algorithm

15. Shortest Job First Scheduling Algorithm

16. Round Robin Scheduling Algorithm

17. Process Hierarchy

18. Concurrent Process (Concurrency)

18.1 Problems of Concurrent Processes (Concurrency Issues)

19. The Problem of Critical Section

19.1 Peterson’s Solution to Critical Problem

19.2 Synchronization Hardware

19.3 Mutex

19.4 Semaphore

19.5 Monitors

20. Mutual Exclusion

21. Process Synchronization

21.1 The Bounded-Buffer Problem

21.2 The Readers-Writers Problem

21.3 The Dining-Philosophers Problem

22.  Deadlock

22.1 Necessary Conditions for Deadlock

22.2 Methods for Handling Deadlock

23. Deadlock Prevention

24. Deadlock Avoidance

24.1 Safe State

24.2 Resource-Allocation Graph Algorithm

24.3 Banker’s Algorithm

25. Deadlock Detection

26. Deadlock Recovery

2. Memory Management

1. Introduction

2. Logical and Physical Memory (Logical and Physical Address)

3. Conversion of Logical Address to Physical Address

4. Address Binding

5. Memory Management Techniques

6. Swapping

7. Contiguous and Non-Contiguous Memory Allocation

7.1 Contiguous Memory Allocation

7.2 Non-Contiguous Memory Allocation

7.3 Comparison of Contiguous and Non-contiguous Allocation

8. Partitioning Schemes

8.1 Fixed Partitioning

8.2 Variable Partitioning

9. Fragmentation

10. Segmentation

11. Paging

12. Segmentation with Paging (Segmented Paging)

13. Virtual Memory

14. Demand Paging

15. Thrashing

3. Multiprocessor Operating Systems

1. Introduction

2. What is Multiprocessor System

3. Contention in Multiprocessor System

4. Multiprocessor System Architectures

5. Multiprocessor OS Design Issues

5.1 Process Synchronization

5.2 Process Scheduling and Allocation

6. Mobile Operating System

6.1 ARM Architecture

6.2 Intel Architecture

6.3 Architecture and Kernel Structure of Mobile OS

6.4 Native Level Programming

6.5 Power Management and Approaches

4. Distributed Operating Systems

1. Introduction

2. Distributed OS Architecture

3. Design Issues

4. Distributed System Models

4.1 MiniComputer Model

4.2 Workstation Model

4.3  Workstation-Server Model

4.4  Processor Pooled Model

4.5 The Hybrid Model

5. Communication in Distributed OS

6. Communication Models

6.1 Client Server Model

6.2 Remote Procedure Call

6.3 Group Communication

7. Clock Synchronization

7.1 Berkeley’s Algorithm

7.2 Cristian’s Algorithm

8. Mutual Exclusion

8.1 Lamport’s Algorithm for Mutual Exclusion in Distributed System

8.2 Ricart–Agrawala Algorithm in Mutual Exclusion in Distributed System

9. Election Algorithm

9.1 Bully Algorithm

9.2 Ring Algorithm

10. Deadlock Detection

11. Distributed Scheduling

12. Distributed Shared Memory

13. Distributed File System

14.  Multimedia File System

15. File Placement

5. Basics of Linux

1. What is Linux?

2. History of Linux

3. Linux Features

4. Advantages of Linux

5. Structure of Linux Operating System (Linux OS Layers)

6. Linux Distributions (Linux Distros)

6.1 Linux Distribution Examples

7. Graphical User Environments

8. FOSS

9. The Linux Shell

10. Different Shells (Shell Examples / Types of Shell)

11. Process

11.1  Parent and Child Process

12.  Files and Directory

13. Interacting with System

6. Shells and Utilities

1. Getting Started

2. Some Standard Shells

3. Role of Shells in Linux Environment

4. Shell Prompt

5. The BASH Shell

6.  Getting Started with Linux Commands (Shell Commands)

7. Shell Commands

7.1 Directory Commands

8. Using Wildcard with Commands

9. Commonly used Commands and Utilities

10.  Shell Script

11. Shell Variables

12.  Variable Existence Check

13.  Expansion

14. Customize the Bash Shell Environment

15. Recalling Command History

16. Create and Use Aliases

17. Startup Scripts

7. Basic Administration of Linux

1. Introduction

2. Linux Run Levels

3. User Accounts

4. User Management

4.1 /etc/passwd

4.2 Creating a user with a Default Setting

4.3 Linux Group

5. Linux File System

6. Managing File System

6.1 Checking System Space

6.2 Checking Disk Usage with du

6.3 Finding Disk Consumption with Find

7. File Access Permissions (Linux File Permissions)

7.1 Permissions for User, Group and Others

7.2 Files and Folders Permissions

7.3 Creating and Deleting User Accounts

7.4 Understanding Sudo

7.5 Creating and Removing Directories

7.6 Changing Directory and File Permissions

7.7 Chmod Command

7.8 Chmod Octal Format

7.9 Changing File Ownership

8. Linux Kernel

9. Kernel Space

10. User Space

11. Kernel Architecture

12. Installing Kernel

13. Linux Kernel Sources

14. Device Drivers

15. Modules

16. Devices