Contents

1. File Structure and Organization
1. Introduction
1.1 Primary Storage
1.2 Secondary Storage
1.3 Tertiary Storage
1.4 Off-line Storage
2. Logical and Physical Files
3. Basic File Operations
3.1 Opening Files
3.2 Closing Files
3.3 Reading and Writing
3.4 Seeking from a File 

4. File Organization
4.1 Fixed Length Record
4.2 Variable Length Record
5. Types of File Organization
5.1 Heap Files
5.2 Files Ordered Records (sequential file)
5.3 Hash Files
6. Overview of Indexes
6.1 Types of Indexes
2. Database Management System
1. Introduction
2. Basic Concept and Definitions
3. Definition of DBMS
4. File Processing System Vs DBMS
4.1 Limitations of File Processing System
4.2 Comparison of File Processing System and DBMS
5. Advantages and Disadvantages of DBMS
5.1 Advantages of DBMS
5.2 Disadvantages of DBMS
6. Users of DBMS
7. View of Data
7.1 Data Abstraction
8. The Three Level Architecture of DBMS
8.1 External or User View
8.2 Conceptual or Global View
8.3 Internal View
8.4 Data Independence
9. Overall System Structure
10. Features and Capabilities of DBMS
11. Data Model
11.1 Object Based Logical Model
11.2 Record Based Logical Model
12. Entity Relationship Model
12.1 Entity Sets
12.2 Entity Attributes
12.3 Relationship Sets
12.4 Mapping Cardinalities
13. Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)
14. Extended Features of ERD
14.1 Specialization and Generalization
14.3 Aggregation
15. The Object-Oriented Model
16. Case Study for E-R Diagrams
3. Relational Model
1. Introduction
2. Terms
2.1 Properties of Relations
3. Keys
3.1 Primary Keys
3.2 Unique Keys
3.3 Surrogate Keys
3.4 Foreign Key
3.5 Super Key
3.6 Candidate Key
4. Relational Algebra
4.1 Basic Operations
4.2 Addition Operations
4. SQL (Structured Query Language)
1. A Brief History of Databases
2. Structured Query Language (SQL)
3. SQL is a Standard
3.1 SQL Data Definition Language (DDL)
3.2 SQL Data Manipulation Language (DML)
3.3 Arithmetic and Aggregate operators
3.4 SQL UPDATE Statement
3.5 SQL DELETE Statement
4. View
5. Relational Database Design
1. Introduction
2. Integrity Constraints
3. Normal Form
4. Functional Dependency
5. First Normal Form
6. Second Normal Form
7. Third Normal Form
8. Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)
9. Examples