Contents

1. Introduction to UNIX / Linux Kernel

1. Introduction of an Operating System

1.1 Objectives of Operating Systems

1.2 Functions

2. Unix as an Operating System

2.1 History of Unix System

2.2 Architecture of the UNIX

3. Concepts of Linux Programming

4. System Programming

4.1 Foundations of System Programming

4.2 System Calls for I/O

5. Unix Files

6. Linux Files and File Systems

7. Processes

8. Terms Related to Kernel System

9. User Perspective

10. Assumptions about Hardware

2. File and Directory I/O

1. Introduction

2. Buffer Headers

2.1 Structure of the Buffer Pool

2.2 Scenarios for Retrieval of a Buffer

3. Reading and Writing Disk Blocks

4. Inodes

4.1 Accessing Inodes

4.2 Releasing Inodes

5. Structure of a Regular File

6. Directories

7. Adjusting the Position of File I/O using 'lseek'

8. Pipes

8.1 Difference between Named and Unnamed Pipes

8.2 Read/Write Operations of Pipes

8.3 Closing Pipes

9. dup

10. Mounting and Unmounting File systems

11. File Sharing

12. Atomic Operations

12.1 stat, fstat and lstat Functions

12.2 File Types

12.3 File Access Permissions

13. Ownership of New Files and Directories

13.1 Access Function

13.2 umask Function

13.3 chmod and fchmod Functions

14. Sticky Bit

15. chown, fchown AND lchown Functions

16. File Size

17. File Truncation

18. File Systems

18.1 link, unlink, remove and rename functions

18.2 Symbolic Links

18.3 symlink and readlink Functions

18.4 File Times

18.5 utime Function

19. mkdir and rmdir Functions

19.1 Reading Directories

19.2 chdir, fchdir and getcwd Functions

20. Advanced File I/O

21. Mapping Files into Memory

22. Advice for Normal File I/O

23. I/O Schedulers

24. Files and their Metadata

25. Copying and Moving Files

26. Out of Band Communication

3. Process Environment, Process Control and Process Relationships

1. Introduction

2. Process States

3. Context of a Process

4. Process Creation

5. Process Termination

6. Process Control Block

6.1 Process ID

6.2 Obtaining the Process ID and Parent Process ID

6.3  Changing the Size of the Process

6.4 The Shell

6.5 Running a New Process

7. Environment List

7.1 Memory Layout of a C Program

7.2 setjump() and longjump()

7.3 getrlimit() and setrlimit() Functions

7.4 Rules for Changing the Resource Limits

8. System Functions

9. Launching and Waiting for a New Process

10. Race Conditions

11. Changing User IDs and Group IDS

12. Daemons

13. Process Scheduling

14. Classification of Process

15. Yielding the Processor

16. Threads

17. Process Priorities

18. Processor Affinity

4. Memory Management

1. Introduction

2. Process Address Space

2.1 Pages (Valid and Invalid Pages)

2.2 Memory Regions

3. Allocating Dynamic Memory

3.1 Allocating Arrays

3.2 Resizing Allocation

3.3 Freeing Dynamic Memory

4. Alignment

5. Data Segment

6. Anonymous Memory Mappings

7. Mapping /DEV/ZERO

8. Advanced Memory Allocation

9. Debugging Memory Allocations

10. Stack Based Allocations

11. Choosing a Memory Allocation Mechanism

12. Manipulating Memory

13. Locking Memory

14. Unlocking Memory

15. Locking Limits

16. Opportunistic Allocation

17. Swapping

17.1 Allocating Swap Space

17.2 Freeing Swap Space

17.3 Swapping Process Out

18. Demand Paging

5. Signal Handling

1. Introduction

2. Signal Concepts

2.1 Basic Signal Handling

2.2 List of Unix System Signals

3. signal Function

4. Unreliable Signals

5. Interrupted System Calls

6. Reentrant Functions

7. SIGCLD Semantics

8. Reliable-Signal Terminology and Semantic

9. kill() and raise() Functions

10. alarm() and pause() Functions

11. Process Blocking Signal Mask using sigpromask()

12. Signal Sets

13. Retrieving Pending Signals

14. sigaction() Function

15. Nonlocal Branching

16. Some More Functions

17. Advanced Signal Management

18. Sending a Signal with a Payload