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Analog Communication
Specific References
ANALOG COMMUNICATION
Author: Mansi Dangat
Contents
1. Basic Electronic Communication
1. Introduction
1.1 The Importance of Electronic Communication
1.2 Difference between Communication and Electronic Communication
2. Definitions: Analog Signal, Digital Signal and Baseband Signal
3. Block Diagram of Communication System
3.1 The Elements of Basic Electronic Communication System
4.1 Analog and Digital Communication
4.2 Simplex and Duplex Communication System
5. Applications of Communication
6. Electromagnetic Spectrum
7. Concept of Transmission Bandwidth
2. Modulation Techniques
1. Introduction
1.1 Types of Modulation
1.2 Need of Modulation
2. Modulation
3. Amplitude Modulation
3.1 Observations of AM Wave / Features of AM Wave
4. Mathematical Representation of Amplitude Modulated Wave
5. Modulation Index and Percentage of Modulation
5.1 Modulation Index
5.2 Percentage Modulation
6. Frequency Spectrum of AM Wave or Frequency Domain Representation
7. Power Relation in AM Wave
7.1 Carrier Power
7.2 Power in Sidebands
7.3 Modulation Index in Terms of Pt and Pc
7.4 Transmission Efficiency
7.5 Effective Voltage and Current
8. Types of Amplitude Modulation
8.1 DSBFC (Double Sideband Full Carrier)
8.2 DSBSC (Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier)
8.3 SSB (Single Sideband)
8.4 VSB (Vestigial Sideband)
9. Modulation by Several Modulating Signals
10. Generation of AM Wave and AM Transmitters
10.1 AM Wave
10.2 AM Transmitters
10.3 AM Modulators Using BJT/FET
11. Angle Modulation
12. Frequency Modulation
13. Mathematical Representation of FM
13.1 Features of FM Wave or Observations
13.2 Deviation
13.3 Modulation Index
13.4 Deviation Ratio
13.5 Percentage Modulation
14. Frequency Spectrum of FM or Frequency Domain Representation
14.1 Observations of FM / Features of FM Frequency Spectrum
14.2 Effect of Modulation Index
14.3 Bandwidth of FM
14.4 Narrow Band FM and Wideband FM
15. Generation of FM Wave and FM Transmitters (FM Modulators)
16. Pre-Emphasis and De-Emphasis
16.1 Pre-Emphasis
16.2 De-Emphasis
16.3 Comparison between Pre-Emphasis and De-Emphasis
17. Pulse Modulation Techniques
17.1 Need of Pulse Modulation
17.2 Analog Vs Digital Signal
17.3 Sampling Process
17.4 Sampling Theorem
17.5 Nyquist Criteria or Rate
17.6 Types of Pulse Analog Modulation
17.7 Generation of PAM, PWM and PPM
Solved Examples
3. Radio Receiver
1. Introduction
2. Classification of Receivers
2.1 Tuned Radio Frequency (TRF) Receiver
2.2 Super Heterodyne Receivers
3. Characteristics of the Radio Receivers
3.1 Sensitivity
3.2 Selectivity
3.3 Fidelity
3.4 Image Frequency and its Rejection
4. AM Receiver Details
4.1 RF Section (RF Amplifier)
4.2 Mixer or Frequency Converter Stage
4.3 Local Oscillator
4.4 Choice of Intermediate Frequency
4.5 Tracking
4.6 IF amplifiers
4.7 Demodulation of AM Signal (AM Detector or Demodulator)
4.8 Automatic Gain Control (AGC)
5. FM Receiver
5.1 RF Amplifier
5.2 Mixer or Frequency Converter and Local Oscillator
5.3 Amplitude Limiters
5.4 Automatic Gain Control (AGC)
5.5 FM Detectors or FM Discriminators
5.6 Automatic Frequency Control (AFC)
4. Transmission Line
1. Introduction
1.1 Fundamentals of Transmission Lines
1.2 Types of Transmission Lines
1.3 Types of Transmission Lines Based on Construction
1.4 Effect of Wavelength on Transmission Lines
1.5 Velocity Factor of Transmission Lines
2. Equivalent Circuit of Transmission Line
2.1 General Equivalent Circuit of Transmission Line
2.2 RF Equivalent Circuit of Transmission Line
3. Primary Line Constants
3.1 Transmission Line as a Low Pass Filter and Effect of Frequency
3.2 Attenuation in Transmission Line (?)
3.3 Phase Shift in Transmission Line
4. Secondary Line Constant
4.1 Characteristic Impedance (ZO)
4.2 Propagation Constant (?)
5. Losses in Transmission Line
6. Standing Waves
6.1 Non-resonant and Resonant Lines
6.2 Open Load and Shorted Load
6.3 Transmission Line with Mismatched Load and Resulting Standing Wave
6.4 Standing Wave Ratio
6.5 Return Loss
7. Quarter Wave and Half Wave Length
7.1 Impedance Inversion by Quarter Wavelength Lines
7.2 Quarter Wavelength Transformer and Impedance Matching
7.3 Half Wavelength Transmission Line
7.4 Properties of Transmission Line
7.5 Transmission Lines of Various Lengths and their LC Equivalent
8. Impedance Matching
8.1 Stubs
8.2 Balun
Solved Examples
5. Wave Propagation
1. Introduction
2. Fundamentals of Electromagnetic Wave
2.1 Transverse Electromagnetic Field
2.2 Polarization
2.3 Waves in Free Space
3. Radiation and Reception Mechanism
3.1 Radiation
3.2 Reception
4. Attenuation and Absorption
4.1 Attenuation
4.2 Absorption
5. Propagation of Waves
5.1 Ground Wave Propagation
5.2 Very Low Frequency (VLF) Propagation
5.3 Sky Wave Propagation
5.4 Space Wave Propagation
5.5 Duct Propagation
5.6 Tropospheric Scatter Propagation
5.7 Difference between Ground, Sky and Space Wave
5.8 Effect of the Environment on Wave Propagation
6. Ionosphere and its Effect
7. Terms and Definitions
7.1 Concept of Actual Height and Virtual Height
7.2 Critical Frequency
7.3 Maximum Usable Frequency (MUF)
7.4 Skip Distance
7.5 Fading
6. Antennas
1. Introduction
2. Antenna Fundamentals
2.1 Radio Waves
2.2 Polarization
2.3 Radiation Mechanism
2.4 Isotropic or Radiator
3. Important Definitions
3.1 Length of Antenna
3.2 Radiation Pattern
3.3 Antenna Gain
3.4 Antenna Impedance or Antenna Resistance
3.5 Bandwidth and Beamwidth
4. Resonant and Non-Resonant Antennas
5. Dipole Antenna
5.1 Elementary Doublet (Hertzian Dipole)
5.2 Half Wave Dipole
5.3 Folded Dipole
5.4 Radiation Pattern for Dipole Antennas of Different Lengths
6. Different Types of Antennas
6.1 Loop Antenna
6.2 Ferrite Loop Antenna
6.3 Telescopic Antennas (Marconi Antenna)
6.4 Ungrounded Antennas
6.5 Yagi Uda Antenna
6.6 Microwave Antenna
6.7 Microstrip Patch Antenna..