Contents

1. Plant Anatomy

1.1 Milestones in Plant Anatomy

1.2 Significance of Plant Anatomy

1.3 Scope of Anatomy with Reference to Other Branches

1.3.1 Anatomy and Taxonomy

1.3.2 Anatomy and Physiology

1.3.3 Anatomy and Ecological Interpretation

1.3.4 Anatomy and Pharmacognosy

1.3.5 Anatomy and Dendrology (Wood Identification)

2. Epidermal Tissue System

2.1 Tissue System - Introduction

2.2 Epidermis - Fortification of the Plant Body

2.2.1 Types of Epidermis

2.2.2  Cell Structure of the Epidermis

2.2.3 Functions of Epidermis in General

2.2 Structure, Types and Functions of Stomata

2.2.1 Structure of Stomata and Guard Cells

2.2.2 Types of Stomata

2.2.3 Functions of Stomata

2.3 Epidermal Outgrowths

2.3.1 Non-glandular Hairs / Trichomes

2.3.2 Glandular Trichomes

2.3.3 Functions of Trichomes

2.4 Motor Cells

3. Mechanical Tissue System

3.1 Principles Involved in Distribution of Mechanical Tissues

3.1(a) Inflexibility - Ability to Face the Bending Stresses

3.1(b) Incompressibility - Capacity to withstand Compression

3.1(c) Inextensibility

3.1(d) Shearing Stress

3.2 Vascular Tissue System

3.2.1 Xylem - Structure and Function

3.3.2 Phloem

3.2.3 Cambium

4. Normal Secondary Growth

4.1 Introduction

4.1.1 What is Secondary Growth?

4.1.2 Cambium and its Role

4.1.3 Cell Structure of the Vascular Cambium

4.2 Secondary Growth in Dicotyledonous Stem [Helianthus annuus (Sunflower)]

4.2.1 Primary Structure of the Sunflower Stem

4.2.2 Structure of the Sunflower Stem after Secondary Growth

4.3  Annona sqamosa Stem

4.3.1 Annual Rings or Growth Rings

4.3.2 Periderm

4.3.3 Bark

4.3.4 Tylosis

4.3.5 Lenticel

5. Anomalous Secondary Growth

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Causes of Anomalous Secondary Growth

5.2.1 Adaptive and Non-adaptive Anomalies

5.3 Abnormal Secondary Growth

6. Introduction to Plant Embryology

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Life Cycle of Angiosperms

6.3 Scope of Embryology

6.4 Embryology and Molecular Biology

7. Microsporangium and male Gametophyte

7.1 Structure of the Tetrasporangiate Anther

7.2 Tapetum

7.3 Sporogenous Tissue

7.4 Microsporogenesis

7.4.1 Process

7.4.2 Meiosis of the Microsporocytes

7.5 Types of Microspore Tetrad

7.6 Male Gametophyte (Microgametophyte)

7.6.1 Structure and Development

7.6.2 Development of Male Gametophyte (Microgametogenesis)

7.6.3 Progress of Pollen Tube

8. Megasporangium and Female Gametophyte

8.1 Megasporangium

8.2 Types of Ovules

8.3 Megasporogenesis

8.3.1 Tenuinucellate and Crassinucellate Ovules

8.3.2 Types of Megaspore Tetrads

8.4 Female Gametophyte

8.4.1 Structure of the Typical Embryo Sac

8.4.2 Developmental Events of the Megagametogenesis leading to formation of the Female Gametophyte

8.5 Types of Embryo Sac

9. Pollination and Fertilization

9.1 Pollination

9.2 Types of Pollination

9.2.1 Zoophily

9.2.2 Ornithophily

9.2.3  Cheiropterophily - Pollination by Bats

9.2.4 Malacophily

9.2.5 Anemophily

9.2.6 Hydrophily

9.3 Germination of Pollen

9.3.1 Physiological Aspect of Pollen Germination

9.3.2 Actual Germination

9.3.3 Entry of the Pollen Tube in the Ovule

9.4 Entry of Pollen Tube in the Embryo Sac

9.5 Discharge of the Pollen Tube

9.5.1 Double Fertilization

9.5.2 Significance of Double Fertilization

10. Endosperm and Embryo

10.1 Endosperm

10.1.2 Development of the Endosperm

10.1.3 Functions of Endosperm

10.1.4 Types of Endosperm

10.2 Embryogeny

10.2.1 Structure of the Dicot Embryo

10.2.2 Structure of the Monocot Embryo

10.2.3 Seed Formation

10.2.4 Parts of the Seed in General