Contents

1. Introduction to Phylum Chordata

1. Origin and Ancestory of Chordata

1.1 Theories of Origin of Chordata

2. Fundamental (Morphological) Characters of Chordata with Nonchordata

2.1 Fundamental Characters of Chordata

2.2 Characters Common to Chordata and Nonchordata

2.3 Advancement of Chordata over Other Phyla

3. Kingdom Animalia

4. Classification of Vertebrates

4.1 Class Pisces (L. Pisces = fish)

4.2 Class Amphibia

4.3 Class Reptlia

4.4 Class Aves (Birds)

4.5 Class Mammalia (Mammals)

2. Introduction to Group - Protochordata

1. Introduction

2. Salient Features of Protochordata

2.1 Characters of Protochordata

3. Subphyla: Urochordata

3.1 Characters of Urochordata

3.2 Clasification of Urochordata

4. Subphyla- Cephalochordata

4.1 Characters of Cephalochordata

4.2 Affinities with Non-Chordata

4.3 Similarities of Amphioxous from Urochordata

4.4 Dissimilarities of Amphioxus from Urochordata

4.5 Dissimilarities from Higher Chordates

5. Phylum: Hemichordata

5.1 Characters of Hemichordata

5.2 Classification of Hemichordata

3. Introduction to SubPhylum Vertebrata

1. Introduction of Subphylum: Vertebrata

2. Salient Features of Vertebrata

3. Introduction and General Characters of Groups

4. Introduction to Class - Pisces

1. Pisces

1.1 Characters of Pisces

2. Placoderms

3. Chondrichthyes

3.1 Characters of Chondrichthyes

4. Osterichthyes

5. Dipnoi

6. Types of Scales in Fishes

6.1 Types of Scales

7. Types of Fins in Fishes

7.1 Types of Caudal fins

7.2 Types of Paired Fins

5. Introduction to Class - Amphibia

1. Amphibia

2. Characters of Amphibia

3.   Classification

3.1 Extincted Amphibia

3.2 Living Amphiabia

4. Parental Care in Amphibian

6. Study of Scoliodon

1. Introduction

2. Systematic Position

3. Geographical Distribution

4. External Characters

4.1 Shape, Size and Colour

4.2 Sexual Dimorphism

5. Digestive System, Food and Feeding Mechanism

5.1 Alimentary Canal

5.2 The Digestive Glands

5.3 Physiology of Digestion

6. Respiratory System

6.1 Mechanism of Respiration

6.2 Physiology of Respiration

7. External and Internal Structure of Heart, Working of Heart

7.1 Internal Structure of Heart

7.2 Working of Heart

8. Nervous System

9. Male Urinogenital System and Female Reproductive System

9.1 Male Urinogenital System

9.2 Female Reproductive System

10. Scoliodon: Yolk Sac Placentas