Contents

1.    Foundations of Environment & Ecology

1.    Environment

2.    Environmental Components and Inter-relationships

2.1   Atmosphere

2.2   Hydrosphere

2.3   Lithosphere

2.4   Biosphere

3.    Ecology and Ecosystems: Interconnections in Nature

2.    Ecosystem

1.    Principles and Concept of Ecosystem

1.1   Structure of Ecosystem

1.2   Types of Ecosystems

1.3   Homeostasis

2.    Biotic Community

2.1   Types

2.2   Characteristics

2.3   Community Structure

3.    Ecological Succession

3.1   Types of Ecological Succession

3.2   General Process of Succession

3.3   Concept of Climax

4.    Energy Flow

4.1   Food Web

4.2   Ecosystem Evolution

5.    Energy Flow

5.1   Second Law of Thermodynamics

5.2   Food Chain

5.3   Trophic Levels

5.4   Energy Budget

5.5   Energy Efficiency

3.    Threats to Environment and Ecosystem

1.    Pollution

1.1   Air Pollution

1.2   Water Pollution

1.3   Soil Pollution

1.4   Pollutants in Ecosystems

2.    Biotechnological Approaches for Pollution

2.1   Plastic

2.2   Aromatics

2.3   Hazardous Wastes

4.    Biotechnology in Protection & Restoration of Ecosystem

1.    Bioremediation

2.    Importance of Bioremediation

3.    Use of Micro-Organisms

4.    Microbes in Bioremediation

5.    Phytoremediation

6.    Bioindicators and Detectors

5.    Environmental Priorities in India

1.    Introduction

2.    Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

3.    Red Data Book

4.    TRAFFIC

6.    Waste and Disaster Management

1.    Biomedical Waste Management

2.    Integrated Waste Management

3.    Hazards in Environment

3.1   Land Disposal

3.2   Secure Landfills

3.3   Deep Well

7.    Microbial Biodegradation

1.    Microbial Biodegradation of Plastic

2.    Microbial Biodegradation of Hydrocarbons

3.    Microbial Biodegradation of Pesticides/Insecticides and Herbicides

8.    Current Global Environmental Issues

1.    Ozone Layer Depletion

1.1   Montreal Protocol

1.2   El Nino

2.    Acid Rain

3.    Green House Effect

4.    Global Climate Change

5.    Greenhouse Gases and their Impact on the Environment

6.    Global Warming

7.    Impact of Global Warming on India