Contents

1. Historical and Conceptual Background

1. Molecular Basis of Heredity

2. Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

2.1 Exceptions to Central Dogma

2.2 RNA Replication

2.3 Direct Translation from DNA to Protein

2.4 Reverse Transcription

3. Discovery of DNA as the Genetic Material

3.1  Bacterial Transformation / the Transformation Experiments

3.2 The Blendor Experiment

3.4 Properties  of the Genetic Material

4. Watson and Crick's Model of DNA Molecule

4.1 Salient Features of DNA

5. Nucleic Acids - Structure, Properties and Functions

5.1 Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

6. Structure of DNA

7. Salient Feature of Double Helix

8. Chargaff Rule

9. Types and Structure of RNA

9.1 The Genetic and Non-genetic RNA

9.2 Messenger RNA or Nuclear RNA (m-RNA)

9.3 Ribosomal RNA (R-RNA)

9.4 Transfer RNA (t-RNA)

9.5 Non-coding RNA (nc-RNA)

2. Concept and Organization of Genome

1. Introduction

2. Concept and Organization of Genome

2.1 Prokaryotic Genetic Material

2.2 Eukaryotic Genetic Material

3. Chromatin Structure

3.1 Chromatin and Histones

3.2 Coding and Non-coding DNA Sections

4. DNA Packaging

4.1 Nucleosome

4.2 30 Nanometrefibre and Condensed Chromosomes

4.3 Prokaryotic Chromosome

4.4 Functions of Non-coding DNA

4.5 DNA Supercoiling

5. Viral Genomes

5.1 RNA Virus Genomes

5.2 Ambisense Genome Organization

5.3 DNA Virus Genomes

5.4 Chloroplast DNA

6. Definition of Gene

6.1 The Concept of Introns and Exons

6.2 Regulatory Sequences

6.3 Promoter Sequences

6.4 Promoter

6.5 Enhancers and Suppressors

3. Genetic Code

1. Introduction

2. Concept of Codon

3. Reading Frame

4. Frameshift

5. tRNA Recognition of the Codon

6. Multiple Cdons for One Amino Acid

7. Properties of Genetic Code

8. Termination or Stop Codon

4. Replication of DNA

1. DNA Replications/ Synthesis

2. Principles of DNA Replications/Synthesis

3. Types of DNA Replication

4. An Experiment to prove Semi-conservative Mode of DNA Replication ('Meselson-Stahl Experiment')

5. Bidirectional Replication

5.1 Prokaryotic DNA Replication in Detail

5.2 Initiation of Replication

5.3 Elongation of DNA Replication

5.4 Termination of DNA Replication

6. Rolling Circle Model of DNA Replication

7. Eukaryotic DNA Replication

7.1 Eukaryotic Replication Origins and Origin Recognition/ Replications Complex

7.2  Initiation and Elongation of Eukaryotic DNA Replication

7.3  Replication of DNA at the end of Linear Chromosome

7.4  Eukaryotic DNA Replication by Telomerases

8. Enzymes Involved in DNA Replication

9. Unique Aspects of of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic DNA Replication

10. Fidelity of Replication