CONTENTS

1. Introduction to Statistics

1. Introduction

2. Importance of Statistics in Modern Business Environment

3. Definitions of Statistics

4. Importance and Scope of Statistics

4.1 Scope of Statistics

4.2 Characteristics of Statistics

5. Functions of Statistics

6. Limitations of Statistics

7. Need of Data

8. Types of Data

9. Source of Data

10. Data Classification

10.1 Frequency Distribution

11. Tabulation

12. Graphical Representation of Frequency Distribution

12.1 Histogram

12.2  Frequency Polygon

12.3  Frequency Curve

12.4  Ogive or Cumulative Frequency Curve

13. Diagrams

13.1  Simple Bar Diagram

13.2  Sub - Divided Bar Diagram

13.3  Pie Diagram

2. Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion

1. Introduction

2. Measure of Central Tendency

2.1 Objectives and Requisites of a Good Average

3. Statistical Averages

3.1 Arithmetic Mean

3.2 Median

3.3 Mode

3.4 Geometric Mean

3.5 Harmonic Mean

3.6 Appropriate Choice of an Average

3.7 Empirical Relationship among Mean, Median and Mode

4. Positional Averages

4.1 Quartiles

5. Measures of Variability

5.1 Range

5.2 Quartile Deviation

5.3 Mean Deviation

5.4 Variance and Standard Deviation

6. Standard Deviation (S.D.)

6.1 Properties of Variance and Standard Deviation

6.2 Coefficient of Variation

3. Sampling, Sampling Distributions and Testing

1. Population and Sample

1.1 Principles of Sample Survey

2. Concepts and Definitions Related to Testing of Hypothesis

2.1 Parameter and Statistic

2.2 Sampling Distribution of a Statistic

2.3 Standard Error (S.E.) of a Statistic

2.4 Statistical Hypothesis

2.5 Tests of Significance

2.6 Null Hypothesis and Alternative Hypothesis

2.7 Errors of Sampling (Type I and II errors)

2.8 Critical Region

2.9 Level of Significance (L.O.S.)

2.10 One Sided and Two Sided Tests

2.11 Procedure for Testing of Hypothesis

3. Case Study on Two tailed and One–tailed tests

3.1 Test of Significance for Single Population Mean

3.2 Test of Significance for Difference of Means

3.3 Tests for Single Proportion

3.4 Test of Significance for Difference of Proportions

4. Small Sample Tests

4.1 Tests Based on t-Distribution

5. Chi-Square Distribution

4. Simple Correlation and Regression

1. Introduction

2. Bivariate Data

3. Correlation

3.1 Types of Correlation

4. Measures of Correlation

4.1 Scatter Diagram Method

4.2 Karl Pearson’s Coefficient Of Correlation (r)

4.3 Factor Influencing the Size of Correlation Coefficient

4.4 Probable Error

4.5 Coefficient of Determination (r2)

5. Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient (Formula with and without ties)

6. Multiple Correlation Coefficient

7. Partial Correlation Coefficient

8. Regression

8.1 Linear Regression

8.2 Fitting of Straight Line Using Least Square Method

8.3 Properties of Regression Coefficients

9. Standard Error of Estimation

10. Multiple Regression Analysis

10.1 Notation

10.2 Yule’s Notation

10.3 Fitting of Multiple Regression Plane

10.4 Partial Regression Coefficient, Interpretation

5. Forecasting and Time Series Analysis

1. Introduction

1.1 Types of Forecast

1.2 Timing of Forecast

1.3 Forecasting Methods

2. Time Series Analysis

2.1 Time Series Analysis

2.2 Utility of the Time Series

2.3 Components of Time Series

2.4 Methods of Measuring Trend

2.5 Mathematical Models for Time Series

2.6 Editing of Time Series

2.7 Measurement of Seasonal Variations

2.8 Forecasting Methods using time Series

6. Index Numbers

1. Introduction

2. Definition

3. Classification of Index Numbers

4. Base Year and Current Year

5. Chief Characteristics of Index Numbers

6. Main Steps in Construction of Index Numbers

7. Methods of Computation of Index Numbers

8. Construction of Index Numbers

8.1 Unweighted Index Numbers

8.2 Weighted Index Numbers

9. Tests for Adequacy of Index Number Formula

10. Cost of Living Index Numbers or Consumer Price Index

10.1 Utility of Consumer Price Index Numbers

10.2 Assumptions of Cost of Living Index

10.3 Steps in Construction of Cost of Living Index Numbers

10.4 Methods of Constructing Consumer Price Index

10.5 Limitations of Index Numbers

10.6 Utility and Importance of Index Numbers