CONTENTS

1. Architecture of Microprocessor and Microcontroller

1. Introduction

2. Architecture of Microcontroller 89C51

3. Architecture of 89C51

3.1 Special Function Registers

3.2 General Purpose Registers (GPR)

3.3 Address, Data and Control Bus Generation

3.4 Memory Structure (Data and Program Memory)

3.5 IO Ports

3.6 Interrupt Structure

3.7 Interrupts SFRs

3.8 Handling the Interrupts

3.9 Timer/Counter

3.10 Timer/Counter Modes

3.11 Serial Communication

3.12 Power Down Modes

4. Block Diagram and Description of Architectures of Processors

4.1 Architectures of Processor (Based on ISA)

4.2 Comparison of Architectures

4.3 Multicore Processor

2. Programming Microcontroller 89C51 with 'C'

1. Introduction

2. Software Development Tools: Operation and Selection

2.1 Selection Criteria for Software Development Tools

2.2 Integrated Development Environment (IDE)

2.3 In-Circuit Emulator (ICE)

2.4 Debugger

2.5 JTAG Port

2.6 Program Downloading Tools: ISP/IAP

2.7 Embedded C

2.8 ‘C’ Compiler for Microcontroller 89C51

3. Programming Microcontroller 89C51 with C

3.1 Programming of SFRs

3.2 Input/Output Operation

3.3 Arithmetical Operations on Data

3.4 Logical Operation

3.5 Time Delay Routines

3.6 Bit Operations

3.7 Timer/Counter Operations

3.8 Counter

3.9 Serial Communication

3.10 Generation of Patterns on Port Lines

3.11 Use of Assembly Instruction in ‘C’ Program

3. Communication Protocols

1. Introduction

2. Need of Communication Interface in Embedded System

3. Serial V/S Parallel Communication

3.1 Synchronous and Asynchronous Communication

4. RS232: DB9-pin Functions

4.1 The DB 9 Connector

4.2 The MAX232 IC

5. Communication Protocols

6. Serial Communication Protocols

6.1 I2C

6.2 CAN

6.3 USB

6.4 Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)

6.5 Synchronous Serial Protocol (SSP) (Commonly Known as HDLC)

7. Parallel Communication Protocol

7.1 PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect)

7.2 PCI-X

8. Wireless Communication Protocol

8.1 IrDA

8.2 Bluetooth

8.3 Zigbee

8.4 IEEE802.11

4. I/O Interfacing

1. Introduction

2. Interfacing LEDs

3. Interfacing Relay

3.1 Basics of Relay

3.2 Transistor as Relay Driver

3.3 ULN 2803

3.4 Interfacing and Programming

4. Interfacing LCD

4.1 Basics of 16 x 2 LCD Display

4.2 Pin Description

4.3 LCD Commands in Brief

4.4 Interfacing 16 ´ 2 LCD Display with 89C51

5. Interfacing Keys

6. Interfacing Matrix Keyboard

7. Interfacing ADC

8. Interfacing DAC

9. Interfacing Stepper Motor

9.1 Interfacing and Programming

10. Interfacing DC Motor

10.1 Driver IC L293

10.2 Concept of H Bridge

10.3 Interfacing and Programming

5. Embedded System Design

1. Introduction

2. Embedded System

2.1 Definition

2.2 Block Diagram

2.3 Applications

2.4 A Case Study of Embedded System: Digital Camera

3. Classification of Embedded System

3.1 Classification Based on Design and Complexity

3.2 Classification Based on Functionality and Performance Requirements

4. Design Metrics / Specifications / Characteristics of Embedded System

6. Real Time Operating System

1. Introduction

2. Operating System

3. Functions of Operating System

4. Real Time Operating System (RTOS)

4.1 RTOS Classification

4.2 Specifications of RTOS

4.3 Functions of RTOS

5. Architecture of Real Time Operating System (RTOS)

5.1 Architecture of Kernel

5.2 Popular RTOS (Real Time Operating System)

5.3 Applications of RTOS

6. Difference between OS and RTOS

7. Task and Task States

8. Scheduling Architectures

9. Inter-task Communication (Inter-process Communication)

9.1 Functions

10. Multitasking

11. Shared Data Problem

12. Task Synchronization

12.1 Semaphore

12.2 Mutual Exclusion (MUTEX)

12.3 Event Object

13. Deadlock and Starvation

13.1 Causes of Deadlock

13.2 Handling Deadlocks

13.3 Starvation