Contents

1. Structure

1. Introduction

2. Scope and Definition of Biophysics

3. Biophysics at Macroscopic Level, Microscopic Level and at the Molecular Level

3.1 Macroscopic Level

3.2 Microscopic Level

3.3 Molecular Level

2. Atomic Structure

1. Introduction

2. Bohr’s Atomic Model

3. Radius and Energy of Bohr’s Orbit

3.1 Radius of Bohr’s Orbit

3.2 Energy of an Electron in Bohr’s Orbit

4. Origin of Spectral Lines (Rydberg’s Constant)

4.1 Agreement of Bohr’s Theory with Experimental Results

4.2 Failures of Bohr’s Theory

5. Energy Level Diagram for Hydrogen Atom

6. Quantization of Energy and Quantum Numbers

7. The Vector Atom model

7.1 Spatial Quantization

7.2 Spinning Electron

8. The Pauli Exclusion Principle

9. Selection Rule

10. Emission Spectra of the Sodium Atom

3. Radioactivity

1. Nucleus

2. Classification of Nuclei

3. Nuclear Forces

4. Models of Nuclear Structure

4.1 The Liquid Drop Model

4.2 The Shell Model

5. Radioactivity

6. Nuclear Radiations and their Properties

6.1 Properties of Alpha Rays

6.2 Properties of Beta Rays

6.3 Properties of Gamma Rays

7. Radioactive Decay

7.1 Half Life

7.2 Radioisotopes

8. Handling and Standardization of Alpha and Beta Emitting Isotopes

9. Geiger-Muller counter (G. M. counter)

4. Cell Membrane

1. Introduction

2. Organization of Plasma Membrane

2.1 Chemical Composition

2.2 Membrane Skeleton

3. Mass Transport

4. Membrane Transport

4.1 Passive Transport

4.2 Active Transport

5. Nernst Equation (Membrane Potential)

6. Passive Electrical Properties of Cell (Equivalent Electronic Model of Cell)

7. Active Electrical Properties of Cell

7.1 Origin of Bioelectricity

7.2 Sodium and Potassium Transport

8. Generation of Action Potential

8.1 Resting Potential

8.2 Action Potential Generation

9. Types of Biopotentials and its Measurement

9.1 Electro Cardio Gram (ECG)

9.2 Electro Encephalo Gram (EEG)

9.3 Electro Myo Gram (EMG)

9.4 Electro Ratino Gram (ERG)

5. Biophysical Properties

1. Introduction

2. Surface Tension

2.1 Definition

2.2 Dimensions and Units of Surface Tension

2.3 Cohesive and Adhesive Forces

2.4 Capillary Action

2.5 Angle of Contact

2.6 Methods of Measurement of Surface Tension

2.7 Factors Affecting Surface Tension

2.8 Applications of Surface Tension

3. Adsorption

3.1 Definition

3.2 Isotherms

3.3 Characteristics of Adsorption

3.4 Examples of Adsorption Materials

3.5 Factors affecting Adsorption

3.6 Applications of Adsorption in Life Science

4. Diffusion, Osmosis and Dialysis

4.1 Diffusion

4.2 Facilitated Diffusion

4.3 Osmosis

5. Dialysis

5.1 Colloids

5.2 Types of Colloids

5.3 Methods of Preparation of Colloids

5.4 Applications of Colloids