Contents

1. Introduction to Ecology

1. Definition of Ecology

2. Study of Ecology

3. History of Ecology

4. Branches of Ecology

5. Scope of Ecology

6. Environment

7. Population

8. Community

9. Ecosystem

10. Biosphere

11. Division of Ecology: Autecology and Synecology

2. Ecosystem

1. Definition of Ecosystem

2. Classification of Ecosystems

3. Structure of Ecosystem

4. Types of Terrestrial Ecosystems

4.1 Taiga Ecosystem or Coniferous Forest Ecosystem

4.2 Grassland Ecosystem

4.3 Desert Ecosystem

4.4 Ecological Pyramids

5. Pyramid of Energy

6. Energy Flow in an Ecosystem

7. Eutrophication in Lakes and Rivers

7.1 Eutrophication in Lake

7.2 Eutrophication in Rivers

3. Population

1. Characteristics of Population

2. Exponential Growth and Logistic Growth

3. Population Regulation - Density Dependent and Density Independent

3.1 Population Interactions Gause’s Principle with Laboratory and Field Interactions

3.2 Quadrate, Line, Belt Transect Method

4. Community

1. Species Richeness

2. Species Diversity

3. Dominance

4. Abundance

5. Stratification

5. Animal Interactions

1. Introduction

2. Symbiosis or Mutualism

2.1 Competition

2.2 Beneficial Association

3. Antagonistic Relationships