Contents

1. Introduction

1. Definition of Surveying

2. Objects of Surveying

3. Principles of Surveying

4. Classification of Survey

5. Uses of Survey

6. Conventional Symbols

2. Linear Measurements

1. Introduction

2. Methods of Linear Measurements

3. Methods of Direct Measurements

4. Instruments Used for Linear Measurements

5. Ranging

6. Chaining

6.1 Procedure of Chaining on Plane Ground

6.2 Chaining on Sloping Ground

7. Corrections of Linear Measurements

Solved Problems

8. Errors in Chain Surveying

Solved Problem

3. Chain Triangulation and Cross Staff Survey

1. Introduction

2. Chain Triangulation

3. Offsets

3.1 Types of Offsets

3.2 Degree of Precision in Measuring the Offsets

4. Survey Field Book

Solved Problems

5 Chain and Cross Staff Survey for Finding Out Area of a Field

Solved Problems

6. Obstacles in Chaining and Methods of Overcoming them

4. Compass Traverse Survey

1. Introduction

2. Magnetic Compass

2.1 Principle of Magnetic Compass

2.2 Meridian

2.3 Magnetic Declination

2.4 System of Bearings

2.5 Relationship between Fore Bearing and Back Bearing

3. Traversing

3.1 Local Attraction

3.2 Finding Included Angle (IA) from Bearings

3.3 Quadrantal Bearing System (Q.B.)

3.4 Calculation of Bearings from Included Angles

Solved Problems

3.5 Calculation of Bearing from Angles

Solved Problems

3.6 Prismatic Compass Traversing

3.7 Plotting of Compass Traverse

3.8 Sources of Errors in Compass

5. Plane Table Survey

1. Introduction

2. Plane Table Survey

2.1 Instruments Used

3. Principle of Plane Table Surveying

4. Setting of Plane Table

5. Methods of Plane Table Surveys

5.1 Radiation Method

5.2 Intersection Method

5.3 Traversing Method

5.4 Resection Method

6. Errors in Plane Tabling

7. Advantages and Disadvantages of Plane Tabling

6. Levelling

1. Introduction

2. Concept of Levelling

2.1 Meaning of Important Terms used in Levelling

2.2 Back Sight (B.S.), Fore Sight (F.S.) and Intermediate Sight (IS)

2.3 Various Axes of the Levels

2.4 Various Objects of Levelling

2.5 Adjustment of Levels

2.6 Relationships between Fundamental Axes of Level

2.7 Levelling Instruments

2.8 Level Book and its Recording

3. Classification of Levelling

4. Method of Reduction of Level

5. Sources of Errors in Levelling

5.1 Permissible Limits of Errors in Leveling

5.2 Effect of Curvature and Refraction

6. Precautionary Measures in Levelling